SEAC (computer)
 SEAC 1n 1950 | |
| Developer | Samuel N. Alexander and team |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) |
| Release date | 1950 |
| Units sold | 1 |
| CPU | @ 1 MHz |
| Memory | 512 words, with each being 45 bits in size (64 acoustic delay lines) |
| Mass | 3,000 pounds (1.5 short tons; 1.4 t) (Central Machine) |
SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer[1] or Standards Electronic Automatic Computer)[2] was a first-generation electronic computer, built in 1950 by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and was initially called the National Bureau of Standards Interim Computer, because it was a small-scale computer designed to be built quickly and put into operation while the NBS waited for more powerful computers to be completed (the DYSEAC). The team that developed SEAC was organized by Samuel N. Alexander.[3] SEAC was demonstrated in April 1950 and was dedicated in June 1950;[4][5][6] it is claimed to be the first fully operational stored-program electronic computer in the US.[7]
Description
[edit]Based on EDVAC, SEAC used only 747 vacuum tubes (a small number for the time) eventually expanded to 1,500 tubes. It had 10,500 germanium diodes which performed all of the logic functions (see the article diode–transistor logic for the working principles of diode logic), later expanded to 16,000 diodes. It was the first computer to do most of its logic with solid-state devices. The tubes were used for amplification, inversion and storing information in dynamic flip-flops.[8] The machine used 64 acoustic delay lines to store 512 words of memory, with each word being 45 bits in size. The clock rate was kept low (1 MHz).
The computer's instruction set consisted of only 11 types of instructions: fixed-point addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division; comparison, and input & output. It eventually expanded to 16 instructions.
The addition time was 864 microseconds and the multiplication time was 2,980 microseconds (i.e. close to 3 milliseconds).
Weight: 3,000 pounds (1.5 short tons; 1.4 t) (central machine).[2]
Applications
[edit]On some occasions SEAC was used by a remote teletype. This makes it one of the first computers to be used remotely. With many modifications, it was used until 1964.[9] Some of the problems run on it dealt with:
- digital imaging, led by Russell A. Kirsch
- computer animation of the city traffic simulation[10][11]
- meteorology
- linear programming
- optical lenses
- a program for Los Alamos National Laboratory
- tables for LORAN navigation
- statistical sampling plans
- wave function of the helium atom
- designing a proton synchrotron
-
SEAC block diagram -
SEAC input/output diagram -
Magnetic wire drives and cartridges -
Offline magnetic wire to paper tape & print station -
SEAC scanner -
First image scanned into SEAC, son of Russell A. Kirsch -
Samuel N. Alexander with SEAC -
![Horace Joseph and George A. Moore using the SEAC image scanner to analyze metallurgical photographs in 1960. Moore was legally blind.[12]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SEACComputer_047.jpg/120px-SEACComputer_047.jpg)
Horace Joseph and George A. Moore using the SEAC image scanner to analyze metallurgical photographs in 1960. Moore was legally blind.[12] -
SEAC wiring -
Ethel Marden at the control console of SEAC in 1959
![Horace Joseph and George A. Moore using the SEAC image scanner to analyze metallurgical photographs in 1960. Moore was legally blind.[12]](/wiki/File:SEACComputer_047.jpg)
See also
[edit]- SWAC (Standards Western Automatic Computer)
- List of vacuum-tube computers
- Manchester Baby
References
[edit]- ^ "1950 | Timeline of Computer History | Computer History Museum". Archived from the original on 2010-04-24. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
- ^ a b "1955 BRL report". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
- ^ "Obituary: Samuel Alexander, NBS Senior Research Fellow". Physics Today. 21 (4): 131. April 1968. doi:10.1063/1.3034910. Archived from the original on 2014-10-24.
- ^ Lee, John A. N.; Lee, J. A. N. (1995). International Biographical Dictionary of Computer Pioneers. Taylor & Francis. p. 237. ISBN 9781884964473.
- ^ "3. SEAC (Formerly called NBS Interim Computer)". Digital Computer Newsletter. 2 (3): 1–2. 1950-08-01. Archived from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
- ^ News - National Bureau of Standards 1950, p. 239.
- ^ Kirsch, Russell (1 Sep 2000). "Computer Development at the National Bureau of Standards". NIST Special Publication. 958: 86–89. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
- ^ Glen G. Jr. Langdon (2012). Logic Design: A Review Of Theory And Practice. Elsevier. p. 7. ISBN 978-0323160452.
- ^ "COMPUTING CENTERS: 2. National Bureau of Standards, SEAC Retirement, Washington, D. C. 20234". Digital Computer Newsletter. 16 (3): 3–4. Jul 1964. Archived from the original on June 2, 2018.
- ^ "ARTICLES: City Traffic Simulated by Computer" (PDF). Computers and Automation. XI (5): 23–26. May 1962. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-03-08. Retrieved 2020-09-05.
- ^ Stark, Martin C. (1961), Computer Simulation of Street Traffic, NBS Technical Notes, United States Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, pp. 1, 5, 10–11, archived from the original on 2018-09-21, retrieved 2018-09-21
- ^ Vander Voort, George F. (June 1993). Metallography--Past, Present, and Future: 75th Anniversary Volume. Baltimore. p. 14. Archived from the original on 2024-07-13. Retrieved 2023-03-17 – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
- Williams, Michael R. (1997). A History of Computing Technology. IEEE Computer Society.
- Metropolis, N; Howlett, J.; Rota, Gian-Carlo (editors) (1980). A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century. Academic Press. (The chapter "Memories of the Bureau of Standards' SEAC", by Ralph J. Slutz.)
- Astin, A. V. (1955), Computer Development (SEAC and DYSEAC) at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C., National Bureau of Standards Circular 551, Issued January 25, 1955, U.S. Government Printing Office. Includes several papers describing SEAC, its technical details, and its operation. In particular, see "SEAC", by S. Greenwald, S. N. Alexander, and Ruth C. Haueter, on pp. 5–26, for an overview of the SEAC system.
Further reading
[edit]- "Computer Development at the National Bureau of Standards". National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication. The Institute. 1988. pp. 86–89.
- "The incorporation of subroutines into a complete problem on the NBS Eastern Automatic Computer". Mathematics of Computation. 4 (31): 164–168. 1950. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1950-0037593-9. ISSN 0025-5718.
- "Automatic Computing Machinery: The Operating Characteristics of the SEAC; News - National Bureau of Standards". Mathematics of Computation. 4 (32): 229–230, 239. 1950. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-50-99453-1. ISSN 0025-5718.
- "Automatic Computing Machinery: Technical Developments - Provision for Expansion in the SEAC". Mathematics of Computation. 5 (36): 232–237. 1951. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-51-99416-1. ISSN 0025-5718.
External links
[edit]- SEAC and the Start of Image Processing at the National Bureau of Standards, (Archived) – At the NIST virtual museum
- Margaret R. Fox Papers, 1935-1976, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. collection contains reports, including the original report on the ENIAC, UNIVAC, and many early in-house National Bureau of Standards (NBS) activity reports; memoranda on and histories of SEAC, SWAC, and DYSEAC; programming instructions for the UNIVAC, LARC, and MIDAC; patent evaluations and disclosures; system descriptions; speeches and articles written by Margaret Fox's colleagues; and correspondence of Samuel Alexander, Margaret Fox, and Samuel Williams. Boxes 6-8 of the Fox papers contain documents, reports, and analysis of the NBS's SEAC.
- SEAC ("Standards Eastern Automatic Computer") (1950) (Archived), from History of Computing: An Encyclopedia of the People and Machines that Made Computer History, Lexikon Services Publishing
- Timeline of Computer History at CHM
