Lythraceae

Lythraceae; Temporal range: Campanian - recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Lythrum salicaria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Lythraceae; J.St.-Hil.
Genera
	31 (27); see text.

Lythraceae is a family of flowering plants, including 32 genera, with about 620 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees.^[3] The larger genera include Cuphea (275 spp.), Lagerstroemia (56), Nesaea (50), Rotala (45), and Lythrum (35).^[4] It also includes the members of the former families of the pomegranate (Punica granatum, formerly in Punicaceae) and of the water caltrop (Trapa natans, formerly in Trapaceae). Lythraceae has a worldwide distribution, with most species in the tropics, but ranging into temperate climate regions as well.

The family is named after the type genus, Lythrum, the loosestrifes (e.g. Lythrum salicaria purple loosestrife) and also includes henna (Lawsonia inermis). It now includes the pomegranate, formerly classed in a separate family Punicaceae. The family also includes the widely cultivated crape myrtle trees. Botanically, the leaves are usually in pairs (opposite), and the flower petals emerge from the rim of the calyx tube. The petals often appear crumpled.

Characteristics

Lythraceae species are most often herbs, and less often shrubs or trees; the shrubs and trees often have flaky bark.^[5] Traits shared by species within the Lythraceae that distinguish them from belonging to other plant families are the petals being crumpled in the bud and the many-layered outer integument of the seed.^[4]^[6]^[7]

Leaves

The leaves generally have an opposite arrangement, but sometimes are whorled or alternate. They are simple with smooth margins and pinnate venation.^[4] Stipules are typically reduced, appearing as a row of minute hairs,^[4] or absent.^[5]

Flowers

The flowers are bisexual, radially or occasionally bilaterally symmetric, with a well-developed hypanthium. The flowers are most commonly quadimerous but can be heximerous, with four to eight sepals and petals. The sepals may be distinct, partially fused to form a tube, or touching without overlapping. The petals are crumpled in the bud and wrinkled at maturity, and are typically distinct and overlapping; they are occasionally absent.^[4] Usually, twice as many stamens as petals are seen, arranged in two whorls, and the stamens are often unequal in length. Occasionally, the stamens are reduced to one whorl, or are more numerous with multiple whorls.^[3] The ovary is typically superior, infrequently semi-inferior,^[8] or rarely inferior. The two to many carpels can be fused together (syncarpous), with two to numerous ovules in each locule, with axile placentation of the ovules.^[4]

Heterostyly – the presence of two (distylous) or three (tristylous) distinct flower morphs within a species differing in the lengths of the pistil and stamens – is common within the Lythraceae.^[4]

Fruits and seeds

The fruit is usually a dry, dehiscent capsule, occasionally a berry. The seeds are usually flattened and/or winged, with a multilayered outer integument.^[4] Epidermal hairs that expand and become mucilaginous when wet are found in about half the genera.^[3]

Distribution

The Lythraceae are widely distributed, but with most species tropical and some temperate.^[3]^[4] They are absent from the Sahara and most arid regions of Australia.^[3] Many species occur in aquatic or semi-aquatic habitats (Decodon, Didiplis, Rotala, Sonneratia, Trapa).^[4]^[5] The oldest fossils of the family are pollen from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Wyoming in western North America, around 82 to 81 million years old.^[9]

Economic importance

Edible crops include the pomegranate (Punica granatum) and the water caltrop (Trapa bicornis or T. natans). The pomegranate is cultivated for the fleshy arils surrounding the seeds, and the water caltrop for its seeds. Henna (Lawsonia inermis) is cultivated for the dye of the same name, derived from its leaves.

Ornamentals are grown from a number of genera, including Cuphea, Lagerstroemia (crape myrtles), and Lythrum (loosestrifes).^[4]

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is an invasive exotic weed of wetlands throughout Canada and the United States.^[10]

Taxonomy

Within the order Myrtales, the family Lythraceae is most closely related to the Onagraceae, with the Combretaceae sister to both families.^[4]^[8] Molecular phylogeny work has led to the inclusion of the formerly recognized families Duabangaceae, Punicaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and Trapaceae.^[8]

Genera

Lythraceae has 31 genera in five subfamilies:

Subfamily Lythroideae Juss. ex Arn. 1832 = 'Lythraceae sensu stricto', 27 genera:^[11]

Subfamily Punicoideae (Horan. 1834) S. A. Graham, Thorne & Reveal 1998 = 'Punicaceae',^[12] 1 genus:

Punica

Subfamily Sonneratioideae (Engl. & Gilg 1924) S. A. Graham, Thorne & Reveal 1998,^[12] 1 genus:

Sonneratia

Subfamily Duabangoideae (Takht. 1986) S. A. Graham, Thorne & Reveal 1998 = 'Duabangaceae',^[12] 1 genus:

Duabanga

Subfamily Trapoideae Voigt 1845 = 'Trapaceae', 1 genus:

Trapa

Subfamily Incertae sedis

†Shirleya Pigg & DeVore (Miocene, Washington state)^[13]

Gallery

Crepe myrtle
Crepe myrtle flowers - the petals emerge from the calyx tube.
Lythrum salicaria
Cuphea ignea
Cuphea nudicostata
Pomegranate
Rotala species

References

^ "Myrtales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Stevens, P.F. (2001–2011). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website". Retrieved 15 February 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Judd, Walter S.; Christopher S. Campbell; Elizabeth A. Kellogg; Peter F. Stevens; Michael J. Donoghue (2008). Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 412–414. ISBN 978-0-87893-407-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mabberley, David J. (2008). Mabberley's Plant Book: A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4.
^ Mahmoodi, Rana; Faghir, Marzieh Beygom; Parsapanah, Soheyla (2022-08-03). "Palynological study of the family J.St.-Hil. in Iran; with special emphasis on the genera Ammannia, Lythrum, and Rotala". Feddes Repertorium. 133 (4): 289–304. doi:10.1002/fedr.202100052. ISSN 0014-8962.
^ "Lawsonia (Lythraceae)". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.47159598. Retrieved 2024-06-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Graham, Shirley; Cavalcanti, Taciana B. "Neotropical Lythraceae". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 28 March 2011.
^ Graham, Shirley A. (March 2013). "Fossil Records in the Lythraceae". The Botanical Review. 79 (1): 48–145. Bibcode:2013BotRv..79...48G. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9116-1. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 17518452.
^ "Plants Profile for Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife)". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
^ ^a ^b ^c Graham, S. A., R.F. Thorne, & J.L. Reveal (1998). "Validation of subfamily names in Lythraceae". Taxon. 47 (2): 435–436. doi:10.2307/1223775. JSTOR 1223775.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Pigg, K.B.; DeVore, M.L. (2005). "Shirleya grahamae gen. et sp. nov.(Lythraceae), Lagerstroemia-like fruits from the middle Miocene Yakima Canyon flora, central Washington State, USA". American Journal of Botany. 92 (2): 242–251. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.2.242. PMID 21652401.