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Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney

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Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney
circa 1909
Born
Gertrude Vanderbilt

(1875-01-09)January 9, 1875
New York City, U.S.
DiedApril 18, 1942(1942-04-18) (aged 67)
New York City, U.S.
Occupation(s)Sculptor
Art collector
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1896; died 1930)​
ChildrenFlora Whitney Miller
Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney
Barbara Whitney Headley
Parent(s)Cornelius Vanderbilt II
Alice Claypoole Gwynne
FamilyVanderbilt

Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney (January 9, 1875 – April 18, 1942) was an American sculptor, art patron and collector, and founder in 1931 of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City. She was a prominent social figure and hostess, who was born into the wealthy Vanderbilt family and married into the Whitney family.

Early life

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Gertrude, 13 years of age. (John Everett Millais, 1888)

Gertrude Vanderbilt was born on January 9, 1875, in New York City, the second daughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt II (1843–1899) and Alice Claypoole Gwynne (1852–1934), and a great-granddaughter of "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt. Her older sister died before Gertrude was born, but she grew up with several brothers and a younger sister.[1] The family's New York City home was an opulent mansion at 742–748 Fifth Avenue.,[2] also known as 1 West 57th Street. As a young girl, Gertrude spent her summers in Newport, Rhode Island, at the family's summer home, The Breakers, where she kept up with the boys in all their rigorous sporting activities. She was educated by private tutors and at the exclusive Brearley School for women students in New York City.[1] She kept small drawings and watercolor paintings in her personal journals which were her first signs of being interested in the arts.[3]

Education and early work

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Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney in her studio, ca. 1920

While visiting Europe in the early 1900s, Gertrude Whitney discovered the burgeoning art world of Montmartre and Montparnasse in France. What she saw encouraged her to pursue her creativity and become a sculptor.

She studied at the Art Students League of New York with Hendrik Christian Andersen and James Earle Fraser.[4][5] Other women students in her classes included Anna Vaughn Hyatt and Malvina Hoffman.[5] In Paris she studied with Andrew O'Connor[6] and also received criticism from Auguste Rodin.[7][8] Her training with sculptors of public monuments influenced her later direction.[9] Although her catalogs include numerous smaller sculptures,[4][10][11] she is best known today for her monumental works.[12]

Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, II and her daughters, Gladys and Gertrude, having tea in the library at the Breakers Newport, Rhode Island, William Bruce Ellis Ranken, 1932

Her first public commission was Aspiration, a life-size male nude in plaster, which appeared outside the New York State Building at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, in 1901.[13][14][15] Initially she worked under an assumed name, fearing that she would be portrayed as a socialite and her work not taken seriously.[5][16] Neither her family nor (after her marriage) her husband were supportive of her desire to work seriously as an artist. She once told an artist friend, "Never expect Harry to take your work seriously ... It never has made any difference to him that I feel as I do about art and it never will (except as a source of annoyance)." She believed that a man would have been taken more seriously as an artist, and that her wealth put her in a lose-lose situation: criticized if she took commissions because other artists were more needy, but blamed for undercutting the market for other artists if she was not paid.[5]

In 1907, Whitney established an apartment and studio in Greenwich Village.[17] She also set up a studio in Passy, a fashionable Parisian neighborhood in the XVI arrondissement.

By 1910, she was exhibiting her work publicly under her own name.[5] Paganisme Immortel, a statue of a young girl sitting on a rock, with outstretched arms, next to a male figure, was shown at the 1910 National Academy of Design.[18] Spanish Peasant was accepted at the Paris Salon in 1911, and Aztec Fountain was awarded a bronze medal in 1915 at the San Francisco Exhibition.[5] Her first solo show occurred in New York City in 1916.[19] The first charity exhibition she organized was in 1914 called the 50-50 Art Sale.[20]

World War I and its aftermath

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During World War I, Gertrude Whitney dedicated a great deal of her time and money to various relief efforts, establishing and maintaining a fully operational hospital for wounded soldiers in Juilly, about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northwest of Paris in France.[19]

While at this hospital, Gertrude Whitney made drawings of the soldiers which became plans for her memorials in New York City.[21] Her work prior to the war had a much less realistic style, which she strayed away from to give the work a more serious feeling.[3] In 1915, her brother Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt perished in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania.

She completed a series of smaller pieces realistically depicting soldiers in wartime,[9][22] but her smaller works were not seen as particularly significant during her lifetime. Since her death critics have recognized the expert craftsmanship of her smaller works.[23]

  • Chateau Thierry
    Chateau Thierry
  • His Last Charge
    His Last Charge
  • Found
    Found
  • Engineers
    Engineers

In addition to participating in shows with other artists, Whitney held a number of solo exhibitions during her career. These included a show of her wartime sculptures at her Eighth Street Studio in November 1919;[22] a show at the Art Institute of Chicago, March 1 to April 15, 1923;[10] and one in New York City, March 17–28, 1936.[11] The majority of works created in this period of her work were made in her studio in Paris.[21] The Whitney Museum of American Art held a commemorative show of her works in 1943.[4]

Sculptures from her 1936 show

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  • John
    John
  • Salome
    Salome
  • Gwendolyn
    Gwendolyn
  • Mother and Child
    Mother and Child
  • Untitled
    Untitled
  • Sketch
    Sketch

Public sculptures

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Following the end of the War, Whitney was also involved in the creation of a number of commemorative sculptures. During the 1920s her works received critical acclaim both in Europe and the United States, particularly her monumental works. During the 1930s, the popularity of monumental pieces declined. Whitney's last pieces of public art were the Spirit of Flight, created for the New York World's Fair of 1939,[19] and the Peter Stuyvesant Monument in New York City.[23]

Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney's numerous works in the United States include:

Whitney's Titanic Memorial is considered by critics as the most important achievement in her artistic career. The statue was built from a $50,000 prize from a competition that she won in 1914.[21]

Whitney also created works which are now in other countries, including the American Expeditionary Forces Memorial in St. Nazaire Harbor in Saint-Nazaire, France (1924).[32] The Government of France purchased a marble replica of the head of the Titanic Memorial, which is now housed in the Musée du Luxembourg.

Whitney sculpted the Christopher Columbus memorial, the Monument to Columbus (also known as "Monument to the Discovery Faith"), in Huelva, Spain (1928–1933). With a cubist style, it is one of her biggest works.

In 1931 Whitney presented the Caryatid Fountain to McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The fountain is also referred to as The Good Will Fountain, The Friendship Fountain, The Whitney Fountain, The Three Graces and, because it consists of three nude males, The Three Bares.[33] There is also a bronze version of this fountain in Washington Square in Lima, Peru.[34]

Influence in art

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Robert Henri, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, 1916
Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, in Vogue magazine, by Adolf de Meyer, January 15, 1917

Her great wealth afforded her the opportunity to become a patron of the arts, but she also devoted herself to the advancement of women in art, supporting and exhibiting in women-only shows and ensuring that women were included in mixed shows.[35] She supported exhibition of artwork both locally and around the country, including the 1913 Armory Show in New York.[36] Whitney also donated money to the Society of Independent Artists founded in 1917, which aimed to promote artists who deviated from academic norms.[12] She actively bought works from new artists including the Ashcan School.[19] In 1922, she financed publication of The Arts magazine, to prevent its closing.[19] She was the primary financial backer for the "International Composer's Guild," an organization created to promote the performance of modern music.[37]

By 1908, Whitney had opened the Whitney Studio Gallery in the same buildings as her own studio on West Eighth Street in Greenwich Village. Artists such as Robert Henri and Jo Davidson were invited to showcase their works there.[38] In 1914, Gertrude Whitney also established the Whitney Studio Club at 147 West 4th Street, as an artists' club where young artists could meet and talk, as well as exhibit their works.[8] She provided nearby housing many of them, as well as stipends for living costs at home and abroad.[12] The Whitney Studio Club expanded again when its headquarters were moved back from West Fourth Street to West Eighth Street in 1923.[39] Thus, the club expanded both in size and scope of programming. These early galleries would evolve to become Whitney's greatest legacy, the Whitney Museum of American Art, on the site of what is now the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture.

In 1929, Whitney offered the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art the donation of her twenty-five-year collection of nearly 700 American modern art works and full payment for building a wing to accommodate these works.[14] Her offer was declined because the museum would not take American art, and in 1931, Whitney decided to create her own museum by renovating and expanding on one of her own studios.[14] Whitney appointed Juliana Force, who was formerly her assistant since 1914, to be the museum's first director.[21] The museum aimed to embrace modernism, shifting away from the notions that American art was largely rural and narrow in scope.[12]

A colorful recollection of one of her parties celebrating her artist friends was recounted by the artist Jerome Myers:

Matching it in memory is a party at Mrs. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney's, on her Long Island estate, the artists there a veritable catalog of celebrities, painters and sculptors. I can hardly visualize, let alone describe, the many shifting scenes of our entertainment: sunken pools and gorgeous white peacocks as line decorations spreading into the gardens; in their swinging cages, brilliant macaws nodding their beaks at George Luks as though they remembered posing for his pictures of them; Robert Chanler showing us his exotic sea pictures, blue-green visions in a marine bathroom; and Mrs. Whitney displaying her studio, the only place on earth in which she could find solitude. Here the artists felt at home, the Whitney hospitality always gracious and sincere.[40]

Her Greenwich Village studio has been named a National Treasure by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, giving it landmark status.[41]

When Whitney died in 1942, the Whitney Museum of American Art was cleared of the debt it owed her and granted $2.5 million of her money.[14]

Personal life

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Gertrude had a dear friend named Esther in her youth with whom a number of love letters were uncovered which made explicit the desires both had for a physical relationship that surpassed friendship. Esther was the daughter of Richard Morris Hunt, the architect who had built Gertrude's family home in New York City and summer home—The Breakers—in Newport, Rhode Island, as well as many of the other Vanderbilts' mansions.[42][43] Gertrude considered it one of the "thrills of my life, when Esther kissed me," and her mother, Alice, was so concerned about the friendship that she forbade Gertrude to see Esther. The separation seemed to have worked; for while Esther continued to write heartbroken letters of longing, Gertrude went on to have a bevy of male beaux.

At age 21, on August 25, 1896, she married the extremely wealthy sportsman Harry Payne Whitney (1872–1930).[1][9] A banker and investor, Whitney was the son of politician William Collins Whitney and Flora Payne, the daughter of former U.S. Senator from Ohio Henry B. Payne, and sister to a Standard Oil Company magnate. Harry Whitney inherited a fortune in oil and tobacco as well as interests in banking.[44] In New York, the couple lived in town houses originally belonging to William Whitney, first at 2 East 57th St., across the street from Gertrude's parents, and after William Whitney's death, at 871 Fifth Avenue.[45] They also had a country estate in Old Westbury, Long Island.[9] Gertrude and Harry Whitney had three children:

Harry Whitney died of pneumonia in 1930, at age 58, leaving his widow an estate valued at $72 million.[46] In 1934, she was at the center of a highly publicized court battle with her brother Reginald's widow, Gloria Morgan Vanderbilt, for custody of her ten-year-old niece, Gloria Vanderbilt. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney did win custody of her niece at the end of the custody battle.[21]

Gertrude Whitney died on April 18, 1942,[47] at age 67, and was interred next to her husband in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.[48] The reported cause of her death was from a heart condition.[21] Her daughter Flora Whitney Miller assumed her mother's duties as head of the Whitney Museum, and was succeeded by her daughter, Flora Miller Biddle.[49]

Awards and honors

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In the 1982 television miniseries Little Gloria... Happy at Last, Whitney was portrayed by actress Angela Lansbury, who earned an Emmy nomination for her performance.[51]

In 1999, Gertrude Whitney's granddaughter, Flora Miller Biddle, published a family memoir entitled The Whitney Women and the Museum They Made. She was also the subject of B. H. Friedman's 1978 Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney: A Biography.[52]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Vanderbilt II, Arthur T. (August 1989). Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt. New York: Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07279-8.
  2. ^ Waldman, Benjamin (February 2012). "Then and Now: Remnants of the Vanderbilt Mansion in New York City". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  3. ^ a b McNeal, Patricia (2008). "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney". Salem Press Biographical EncyclopediaResearch Starters – via EBSCO.
  4. ^ a b c d Memorial exhibition; Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney. New York: Whitney museum of American art. 1943. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f McCarthy, Kathleen D. (1991). Women's culture : American philanthropy and art, 1830–1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780226555843. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  6. ^ Opitz, Glenn B, editor, Mantle Fielding's Dictionary of American Painters, Sculptors & Engravers, Apollo Book, Poughkeepsie NY, 1986
  7. ^ Friedman, B.H., Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Doubleday and Company New York, 1978
  8. ^ a b "The Whitney Museum of American Art". The Art Story.org. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d e Magill, Frank N., ed. (1999). "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney". Dictionary of world biography. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 3969–3971. ISBN 1579580483. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  10. ^ a b Exhibition of sculpture by Gertrude V. Whitney of New York : March 1 to April 15, 1923. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago. 1923.
  11. ^ a b Sculpture by Gertrude V. Whitney : [exhibition], March 17 through 28, 1936. M. Knoedler and Co. 1936. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  12. ^ a b c d Marter, Joan (2000). "Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt". American National Biography Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  13. ^ "Pan-American Exposition Sights – Then & Now". Western New York Heritage Press. Archived from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c d "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney". Doing the Pan. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  15. ^ Heller, Jules; Heller, Nancy G. (1995). North American women artists of the twentieth century : a biographical dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 577. ISBN 9780815325840. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  16. ^ Staples, Shelley. ""The Part Played By Women:" The Gender of Modernism at the Armory Show". American Studies Program. University of Virginia. Archived from the original on August 26, 2001.
  17. ^ "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney papers, 1851–1975, bulk, 1888–1942". Archives of American Art. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  18. ^ Love, Richard H. (1999). Carl W. Peters : American scene painter from Rochester to Rockport. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. p. 164. ISBN 9781580460248.
  19. ^ a b c d e Grimm, Jr., Robert T. (2002). Notable American philanthropists : biographies of giving and volunteering. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 341–344. ISBN 978-1573563406. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  20. ^ Cordery, Stacy (1999). Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. p. 485.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Bryant, Edward (2003). "Whitney family". Oxford Art Online. Vol. 1. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T091439. ISBN 9781884446054.
  22. ^ a b Roberts, Mary Fanton (1919). "Sculpture of War: The Work of Gertrude V. Whitney". The Touchstone and the American Art Student Magazine. 6: 188–194.
  23. ^ a b c d e Marter, Joan (2011). The Grove encyclopedia of American art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 212–214. ISBN 9780195335798. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  24. ^ Capraro, Douglas (July 29, 2014). "Daily What?! The Flatiron's Mysterious "Victory Arch" at Madison Square Park". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  25. ^ "Mitchel Square Washington Heights-Inwood War Memorial". NYC Parks. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  26. ^ Meier, Allison (July 3, 2012). "From Da Bronx to Eternity". Hypoallergenic (Blog). Retrieved July 3, 2012.
  27. ^ Woodlawn Cemetery - Samuel Untermyer http://www.aheadworld.org/2017/03/16/woodlawn-cemetery-samuel-untermeyr/
  28. ^ "Founders Memorial". Daughters of the American Revolution. April 21, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
  29. ^ "Daughters of the American Revolution, Founders statue at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C." DC Memorials. April 20, 2013. Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  30. ^ Hanson, Jayna. "Titanic, an Unsinkable Legacy: Part I, Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney's Titanic Memorial and Francis Davis Millet in the Archives of American Art". Archives of American Art Blog. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  31. ^ "Art – Sculpture – To the Morrow (Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney)". NYPL Digital Gallery. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  32. ^ McAuliffe, John. "St. Nazaire, France Memorial". 87th Infantry Division Photo Galleries. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  33. ^ The Good Will Fountain, The Friendship Fountain, The Whitney Fountain, as well as The Three Graces.
  34. ^ Bicketts, Mónica (1988). Lima, paseos por la ciudad y su historia. Lima: Diario Expreso.
  35. ^ "Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt (1875–1942)". Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Retrieved February 4, 2015. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Shircliff, Jennifer Pfeifer (May 2014). Women of the 1913 Armory Show: Their Contributions to the Development of American Modern Art. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
  37. ^ Locke, Ralph P., ed. (1997). Cultivating music in America : women patrons and activists since 1860. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. pp. 239–241. ISBN 9780520083950. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  38. ^ Whitney Museum of American Art (1937). Whitney Museum of American Art: history, purpose and activities, with a complete list of works in its permanent collection to June, 1937. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art. p. 3. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
  39. ^ Richmond, Lauren (2014). Defining the American Vision: The Whitney Museum of American Art's role in changing the landscape of American art history. Wellesley College Honors Thesis Collection. Retrieved February 10, 2015.
  40. ^ Myers, Jerome (1940). Artist in Manhattan. New York: American Artist Group, Inc. p. 61.
  41. ^ Cascone, Sarah (October 8, 2014). "Landmark Designations for Whitney and Wyeth Studios". ArtNet News. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  42. ^ Vanderbilt II, Arthur T. (1989). Fortune's Children: The Fall of the House of Vanderbilt. Morrow. p. 191. ISBN 9780688103866.
  43. ^ Twombly, Robert C. (1981). "Tasteful Architecture Standing on its Chimney". Reviews in American History. 9 (2): 209. doi:10.2307/2701988. JSTOR 2701988.
  44. ^ a b "Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney [1875–1942]". New Netherland Institute. Archived from the original on August 30, 2012. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  45. ^ Adams, Michael Henry. "The Most Palatial House in New York: Stanford White's William Collins Whitney Residence!". Michael Henry Adams, Style and Taste!. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  46. ^ Vanderbilt, 354.
  47. ^ a b c d e f James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S., eds. (1974). Notable American Women, 1607–1950 : A Biographical Dictionary (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 601–603. ISBN 0674627342. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  48. ^ "Mrs. H.P. Whitney, sculptor, Is Dead". The New York Times. April 18, 1942. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  49. ^ Howe, Marvine (July 19, 1986). "Flora Whitney Miller Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  50. ^ a b c d e Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah, eds. (1999). "Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt (1875–1942)". Women in world history : a biographical encyclopedia. Waterford, Conn.: Yorkin Publishers. ISBN 0787640808. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  51. ^ "Angela Lansbury Biography". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  52. ^ Weber, Bruce (January 10, 2011). "B. H. Friedman, a Novelist, Art Critic and Pollock Biographer, Is Dead at 84". The New York Times. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
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