Libinia emarginata
| Libinia emarginata | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Malacostraca |
| Order: | Decapoda |
| Suborder: | Pleocyemata |
| Infraorder: | Brachyura |
| Family: | Epialtidae |
| Genus: | Libinia |
| Species: | L. emarginata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Libinia emarginata | |
| Synonyms [2] | |
|
Libinia canaliculata Say, 1817 | |
Libinia emarginata, the portly spider crab, common spider crab or nine-spined spider crab, is a species of stenohaline crab that lives on the Atlantic coast of North America.
Distribution
[edit]Libinia emarginata occurs from Nova Scotia to the Florida Keys and through the Gulf of Mexico.[3] It lives at depths of up to 160 ft (49 m), with exceptional records of up to 400 ft (120 m).[4]
Description
[edit]Libinia emarginata is roughly triangular in outline and very heavily calcified, with a carapace about 4 in (100 mm) long and a leg span of 12 inches (300 mm).[4] The whole crab is khaki, and the carapace is covered in spines and tubercles,[5] and, as with other decorator crabs, often clothes itself in debris and small invertebrates.[4]
Reproduction
[edit]
Mating takes place, and eggs are produced from June to September. The eggs are initially a bright orange-red, but turn brown during development, which takes around 25 days. The eggs then hatch as zoea larvae, and the female can produce another brood of eggs within 12 hours, unlike many other crab species whose females only mate immediately after molting.[6]
Similar species
[edit]Libinia emarginata is very similar to Libinia dubia with which it is largely sympatric. They can be told apart by examining the row of spines along the center of the carapace: in L. emarginata there are nine, while in L. dubia there are only six.[5] Also, the rostrum of L. dubia is more deeply forked than that of L. emarginata.[4]
Ecology and behavior
[edit]Libinia emarginata lives on various substrates, at depths of up to 150 ft (46 m). Adults are sluggish and not aggressive, and younger crabs are frequently covered with sponges and hydroids.[5]
Despite its small size, in comparison to other predatory crabs, L. emarginata feeds on large starfish such as Asterias forbesi.[7]
Unusually for crabs, L. emarginata preferentially walks forwards, rather than sideways, although they are also capable of sidelong movement.[8] Its skeletal,[9] muscular[8] and neural anatomy[10] more closely resembles that of forward-walking species, rather than that of more closely related sideways-walking species.
L. emarginata will mate in large aggregations.[11] These aggregations may function as a protective mechanism during reproduction.[11] Males of L. emarginata show an unusual "obstetrical behavior", in which gravid females who are about to release their larvae are held behind the male and aggressively protected.[6]
References
[edit]- ^ "Libinia emarginata Leach, 1815". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved November 13, 2011.
- ^ Peter K. L. Ng; Danièle Guinot & Peter J. F. Davie (2008). "Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 17: 1–286. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-06.
- ^ Harriet Perry & Kirsten Larsen (2004). "Libinia emarginata Leach, 1815. Portly Spider Crab" (PDF). A Picture Guide to Shelf Invertebrates from the Northern Gulf of Mexico. Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-09-12. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ a b c d Andrew J. Martinez & Candace Storm Martinez (2003). "Arthropods". Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England. Aqua Quest Publications. pp. 144–175. ISBN 978-1-881652-32-8.
- ^ a b c Alice Jane Lippson & Robert L. Lippson (2006). "Crustaceans of the shallows". Life in the Chesapeake Bay (3rd ed.). JHU Press. pp. 153–158. ISBN 978-0-8018-8337-8.
- ^ a b Gertrude W. Hinsch (1968). "Reproductive behavior in the spider crab, Libinia emarginata (L.)". The Biological Bulletin. 135 (2): 273–278. doi:10.2307/1539781. JSTOR 1539781. PMID 28368760.
- ^ John C. Aldrich (1976). "The spider crab Libinia emarginata Leach, 1815 (Decapoda Brachyura), and the starfish, an unsuitable predator but a cooperative prey". Crustaceana. 31 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1163/156854076X00189. JSTOR 20103088. S2CID 84785283.
- ^ a b A. G. Vidal-Gadea & J. H. Belanger (2009). "Muscular anatomy of the legs of the forward walking crab, Libinia emarginata (Decapoda, Brachyura, Majoidea)". Arthropod Structure & Development. 38 (3): 179–194. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2008.12.002. PMID 19166968.
- ^ A. G. Vidal-Gadea; M. D. Rinehart & J. H. Belanger (2008). "Skeletal adaptation for sideways and forwards walking in three species of decapod crustaceans". Arthropod Structure & Development. 37 (2): 95–108. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2007.06.002. PMID 18089130.
- ^ Andrés G. Vidal-Gadea & Jim H. Belanger (2013). "The evolutionary transition to sideways-walking gaits in brachyurans was accompanied by a reduction in the number of motor neurons innervating proximal leg musculature". Arthropod Structure & Development. 42 (6): 443–454. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2013.07.003. PMID 23916868.
- ^ a b R. E. DeGoursey & P. J. Auster (1989). M. A. Lang & W. C. Jaap (eds.). "Aspects of a mating aggregation of the spider crab, Libinia emarginata". Diving for Science…1989. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Annual Scientific Diving Symposium 28 September – 1 October 1989. Woods Hole, MA: Wood Hole Oceanographic Institution. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013.
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