Chatham Island
 Chatham Island (left) from space | |
 Map showing location of Chatham Island | |
| Geography | |
| Coordinates | 43°54′S 176°29′W / 43.900°S 176.483°W |
| Archipelago | Chatham Islands |
| Area | 920 km2 (360 sq mi) |
| Administration | |
| Demographics | |
| Population | 660 (2022) |
| Ethnic groups | Moriori |
Chatham Island (/ˈtʃætəm/ CHAT-əm) (Moriori: Rēkohu, lit. 'Misty Sun'; Māori: Wharekauri) is the largest island of the Chatham Islands group, in the south Pacific Ocean off the eastern coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is said to be "halfway between the equator and the pole, and right on the International Date Line", although that point is 173 miles[clarification needed] WSW of the island's westernmost point. The island is called Rekohu ("misty skies") in Moriori, and Wharekauri in Māori.[1]
The island was named after the survey ship HMS Chatham which was the first European ship to locate the island in 1791.[2] It covers an area of 920 km2 (355 sq mi).[3] Chatham Island lies 650 km (404 mi) south-east of Cape Turnagain, the nearest point of mainland New Zealand to the island.
Geography
[edit]
The geography of the roughly T-shaped island is dominated by three features: two bays and a lagoon. More than half of the west coast of Chatham is taken up by the deep indentation of Petre Bay. The island's main settlement of Waitangi is located in a small indentation in Petre Bay's southern coast. Other significant settlements are Kaingaroa on the northeast promontory, and Owenga on the south side of Hanson Bay.
On the east coast is the even larger Hanson Bay, which stretches for the entire length of the island (35 kilometres (22 mi)).[5]
Much of the area between the bays is taken up by the large Te Whanga Lagoon, which drains to the sea to the east, into the southern half of Hanson Bay. This lagoon covers about 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi),[6] and drains several small rivers that rise in the hills at the south end of the island. The next largest lakes are Rangitahi and Huro, respectively northeast and southwest of Te Whanga.[7] The central and north part of Chatham Island are mostly flat, with altitudes ranging from a few metres on the northeast and centre to 50 m on the northwest, but with a few scattered hillocks.[7] The south part is higher, generally sloping down towards north and west; about half of it is over 150 m above sea level. The south coast of the island is mostly cliffs 100 m high or more. The highest point of the island (299 m) lies close to its southernmost point.[7]
Climate
[edit]Chatham Island has an oceanic climate (Koppen: Cfb)[8] characterised by a narrow temperature range and relatively frequent rainfall. Their isolated position far from any sizeable landmass renders the record high temperature for the main settlement (Waitangi) just 23.8 °C (74.8 °F).[9] The climate is cool, wet and windy, with average high temperatures between 15 and 20 °C (59 and 68 °F) in summer, and between 5 and 10 °C (41 and 50 °F) in July (in the Southern Hemisphere winter). Snowfall is extremely rare, the fall recorded near sea level in July 2015 marking the first such reading for several decades.[10] Under the Trewartha climate classification, Chatham Island has a humid subtropical climate (Cf) for the lack of cold weather during the winter and a daily mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) for eight months or more.
| Climate data for Chatham Islands (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.0 (57.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.5 (58.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.7 (60.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
11.1 (52.0) |
12.5 (54.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
12.2 (54.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
12.7 (54.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
10.1 (50.2) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
5.6 (42.1) |
6.1 (43.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
7.7 (45.9) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
9.0 (48.2) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 49.2 (1.94) |
64.0 (2.52) |
75.7 (2.98) |
79.0 (3.11) |
88.3 (3.48) |
93.7 (3.69) |
72.3 (2.85) |
71.0 (2.80) |
71.3 (2.81) |
56.2 (2.21) |
53.5 (2.11) |
62.9 (2.48) |
837.1 (32.98) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.8 | 7.0 | 8.6 | 11.7 | 14.4 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 12.8 | 12.0 | 10.7 | 8.4 | 10.1 | 133.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75.5 | 77.9 | 80.6 | 81.4 | 84.6 | 86.1 | 86.0 | 82.9 | 79.6 | 77.3 | 76.0 | 76.2 | 80.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 191.3 | 145.5 | 124.2 | 106.3 | 81.2 | 61.8 | 74.4 | 101.0 | 109.1 | 129.7 | 148.9 | 164.0 | 1,437.3 |
| Source: NIWA Climate Data (sun 1981–2010)[11][12] | |||||||||||||
Flora and fauna
[edit]Chatham Island hosts the only known breeding population of the endemic and critically endangered magenta petrel or tāiko (Pterodroma magentae). The seabird was thought to be extinct until 1978, and had a population of under 200 in 2017.[13]
In popular culture
[edit]Chatham Island (or "Isle") is featured in the first and in the final chapter of Cloud Atlas, the 2004 novel by David Mitchell. The novel was adapted for screen in 2012.[14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Government of New Zealand, Dept. of Conservation (1999) Chatham IslandsConservation Management Strategy Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
- ^ Steven Hooper (30 July 2006). Pacific Encounters: Art & Divinity in Polynesia 1760-1860. University of Hawaii Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8248-3084-7. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
- ^ "Story: Chatham Islands Page 1 – Overview". web page. The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ "Kopinga marae opening". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
The unofficial flag of the Chatham Islands is visible above the New Zealand flag.
- ^ Ross Curtis (2011). "Chatham Island Wildlife & Landscapes". web page. Ross Curtis. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ^ "Te Whanga Lagoon". web page. The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Chatham Island, NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ^ "Waitangi, New Zealand Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ "Waitangi, New Zealand Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
- ^ "Drought, cyclone then snow for Chathams farms". 25 August 2015. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
- ^ "Climate data and activities". NIWA. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
- ^ "Climate Data and Activities". NIWA Science. 27 February 2007. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
- ^ "Chatham Island tāiko". New Zealand Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. The indicated year is based on the change in the specified population in the preceding archived webpage.
- ^ Walsh, David (2 November 2012). "Cloud Atlas: Six stories in search of a genuine connection". Retrieved 19 November 2012.
External links
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| Islands (by English name) | | |
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| Islands (by Māori/Moriori name) | ||
| Coastal landforms | ||
| Populated places | ||
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| Historical events | ||